Long-term environmental and economic development can be supported by solar energy, which has become a very promising and sustainable renewable energy source. However, a number of environmental factors have a substantial impact on the conversion efficiency and operating performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems. This study examines how environmental factors such temperature fluctuations, dust accumulation, humidity, shade, air pollution, and seasonal variations affect solar panel output characteristics. Because of higher internal resistance and lower open-circuit voltage, elevated temperatures have been shown to impair PV efficiency [1]. Similarly, the deposition of dust and particle matter on the panel surface lowers the effective solar irradiance that reaches the photovoltaic cells by reducing light transmittance and producing partial shading effects [2]. Irradiance intensity is further impacted by humidity and cloud cover, which causes variations the production of electricity. Prolonged exposure to the environment causes long-term degradation mechanisms, such as material corrosion, optical losses, and decreased electrical stability [3], in addition to short-term performance fluctuations. In order to improve prediction accuracy and operating efficiency, the study highlights how crucial it is to incorporate environmental effect assessment into PV system design and performance modelling. The findings demonstrate that the best tilt angle placement, frequent cleaning, thermal management systems, and ongoing environmental monitoring are essential tactics for increasing system reliability and energy production. This work fosters the development of high-performance, environmentally friendly photovoltaic systems and advances solar energy harvesting technologies. In order to reduce efficiency losses under various climatic situations, this study also highlights the necessity of combining predictive performance modelling with real-time environmental monitoring. The findings demonstrate how better system optimisation and more precise energy yield forecasts are made possible by a thorough understanding of environmental stresses. The operational lifespan and financial feasibility of PV systems can be greatly increased by integrating mitigation techniques with climate-adaptive design methodologies. All things considered; this study fortifies the groundwork for creating robust, highly effective solar energy systems that can produce steady, sustainable electricity in a variety of environmental conditions.
Photovoltaic (PV) systems, solar energy, solar panel efficiency, environmental impact, temperature effects [4], soiling losses, variations in solar irradiance, shading and mismatch losses, PV system reliability [5], power conversion efficiency, performance degradation, potential-induced degradation (PID), and renewable energy technologies.
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